The Role Played by Social Enterprises in the Empowerment of Female Social Entrepreneurs: The Case of Pakistan

Abstract

This study investigates how social enterprises contribute to the empowerment of female social entrepreneurs in Pakistan, a context marked by deep-rooted gender norms and socio-cultural constraints. Using Cattaneo and Chapman’s (2010) Empowerment Process Model as a theoretical lens, the research adopts a qualitative design informed by interpretive and grounded theory approaches. Narrative-style, in-depth interviews were conducted with female social entrepreneurs across major Pakistani cities. Findings indicate that many women launched social enterprises as a response to personal hardships, viewing entrepreneurship as a pathway to self-reliance and empowerment. Despite experiencing increased confidence, personal growth, and a sense of purpose, their journeys were shaped by persistent cultural, familial, and structural barriers. The study concludes that Pakistan’s socio-economic challenges both necessitate and complicate women-led social entrepreneurship. For sustained impact, social enterprises must align with cultural values while challenging gendered limitations. Future research should explore regional and rural-urban differences and incorporate the perspectives of both entrepreneurs and their beneficiaries to assess broader empowerment outcomes.